Lithium ions shuttle between graphite anode and metal oxide cathode, giving high energy density.
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In a lithium-ion battery lithium ions shuttle between a graphite anode and a metal oxide cathode, such as lithium cobalt oxide, through an organic electrolyte containing a lithium salt. Each cell gives about 3.6 to 3.7 V, and the chemistry provides high energy density and a long cycle life. The electrolyte is flammable and cells can overheat or short circuit, so protection electronics are essential. The intercalation process is largely reversible, which allows many charge and discharge cycles. These batteries power most portable electronics and many electric vehicles.
Key ideas: Li+ shuttles between a graphite anode (LixC6) and a metal oxide cathode (LiCoO2, LiFePO4, NMC) through a non-aqueous electrolyte (LiPF6 in organic carbonates). Cell voltage is 3.6 to 3.7 V. Discharge: LixC6 gives C6 + xLi+ + xe-. Energy density is about 150 to 250 Wh/kg.
Common mistakes and connections: Mistakes: thinking lithium metal is present (it is intercalated ions), and believing overcharge is harmless: it risks thermal runaway. Aqueous electrolytes cannot be used because water decomposes near 1.23 V. A solid-electrolyte interphase forms on the anode in the first cycles. Link to intercalation, solid-state batteries and fuel cells.
Li+ ions shuttle between a graphite anode and a metal oxide cathode on discharge and charge, giving about 3.7 V and high energy density. The interactive lesson shows this as a live animation or chart.
A smartphone cell rated at 3.7 V and 4000 mAh stores about 15 Wh of energy.
Lithium ions shuttle between graphite anode and metal oxide cathode, giving high energy density.
Lithium-Ion Battery is a intermediate topic in Acids, Bases & Electrochemistry. It builds on the vocabulary of beginner topics in this area.
Study these earlier topics in Acids, Bases & Electrochemistry first: Dry Cell, Alkaline Battery, Lead-Acid Battery.
The next topics in Acids, Bases & Electrochemistry are Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery and Fuel Cells.
Yes. The interactive lesson includes a self-check question on Lithium-Ion Battery, and the Acids, Bases & Electrochemistry quiz draws on every topic in this area.
Lithium-Ion Battery is topic 71 of 105 in Acids, Bases & Electrochemistry.