A procedure that determines unknown concentration by adding a standard solution until the equivalence point.
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Titration is a quantitative method in which a standard solution, the titrant, is added from a burette to a measured volume of analyte until the reaction is complete. The equivalence point is detected with an indicator or a meter, and the unknown concentration is calculated from M1V1 = M2V2 adjusted for the stoichiometry of the reaction. Accuracy depends on careful technique, pure standards and a correctly chosen indicator. Titration is widely used in analytical laboratories to determine acids, bases, metal ions and many other species. It remains one of the most reliable classical analytical methods.
Key ideas: A titration adds titrant of known molarity from a burette to an analyte until stoichiometric completion. Concentration of analyte = (M_titrant x V_titrant x mole ratio)/V_analyte. Rinse the burette with titrant, the pipette with analyte, and take readings to 0.01 mL. Repeat until concordant results agree within 0.1 mL.
Common mistakes and connections: Mistakes: rinsing flask with analyte (changes moles), air bubbles in the tip, overshooting the end point, and using the wrong mole ratio for polyprotic acids. Rinsing the conical flask with water is fine. Methods extend to redox (permanganate), complexometric (EDTA) and precipitation titrations.
The pH stays low and flat while HCl is consumed, then jumps through pH 7 near 20 mL of NaOH, where the burette reading gives the unknown concentration. The interactive lesson shows this as a live animation or chart.
Titrating 25.0 mL of HCl requires 20.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH, so the acid concentration is 0.0800 M.
A procedure that determines unknown concentration by adding a standard solution until the equivalence point.
Titration is a intermediate topic in Acids, Bases & Electrochemistry. It builds on the vocabulary of beginner topics in this area.
Study these earlier topics in Acids, Bases & Electrochemistry first: Hydrolysis of Salts, pH of Salt Solutions, Acid-Base Neutralization.
The next topics in Acids, Bases & Electrochemistry are Equivalence Point and End Point.
Yes. The interactive lesson includes a self-check question on Titration, and the Acids, Bases & Electrochemistry quiz draws on every topic in this area.
Titration is topic 22 of 105 in Acids, Bases & Electrochemistry.